Amatsinda atatu yibanze
Hano hari amatsinda atatu yibanze ya moteri ya mazutu ishingiye ku mbaraga - ntoya, iringaniye, nini.Moteri ntoya ifite imbaraga-zisohoka zifite munsi ya kilowat 16.Ubu ni ubwoko bwa moteri ikoreshwa cyane.Izi moteri zikoreshwa mumamodoka, amakamyo yoroheje, hamwe nibikorwa bimwe na bimwe byubuhinzi nubwubatsi ndetse nkamashanyarazi mato mato ahagarara (nkayari mubukorikori bushimishije) ndetse no gutwara imashini.Mubisanzwe ni inshinge-itaziguye, kumurongo, moteri enye cyangwa esheshatu.Benshi barikumwe na turbo.

Moteri yo hagati ifite ubushobozi bwa kilowati 188 kugeza 750, cyangwa 252 kugeza 10000.Inyinshi muri izo moteri zikoreshwa mu makamyo aremereye.Mubisanzwe ni inshinge-itaziguye, kumurongo, moteri itandatu ya silindari na moteri nyuma ya moteri.Moteri zimwe za V-8 na V-12 nazo ziri muri iri tsinda rinini.

Moteri nini ya mazutu ifite amanota arenga kilowat 750.Izi moteri zidasanzwe zikoreshwa muma marine, lokomoteri, na mashini zikoresha imashini no kubyara amashanyarazi.Mubihe byinshi usanga ari inshinge-sisitemu, turubarike na sisitemu nyuma yo gukonjesha.Bashobora gukora byibuze nka 500 revolisiyo kumunota mugihe kwizerwa no kuramba ari ngombwa.

Imashini ebyiri-na moteri enye
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, moteri ya mazutu yagenewe gukora kuri cycle ebyiri cyangwa enye.Muri moteri isanzwe ya moteri-enye, moteri yo gufata no gusohora hamwe na nozzle ya lisansi iri mumutwe wa silinderi (reba ishusho).Akenshi, gahunda ebyiri zateguwe - ebyiri zifata na valve ebyiri zuzuye-zikoreshwa.
Gukoresha inzinguzingo ebyiri zirashobora gukuraho ibikenewe kuri kimwe cyangwa byombi muburyo bwa moteri.Guhumeka no gufata umwuka mubisanzwe bitangwa binyuze ku byambu biri muri silinderi.Umwuka urashobora kuba unyuze mumibande iri mumutwe wa silinderi cyangwa unyuze mubyambu mumurongo wa silinderi.Ubwubatsi bwa moteri bworoshe mugihe ukoresheje igishushanyo cyicyambu aho kuba kimwe gisaba imyuka yuzuye.

Ibicanwa bya mazutu
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli mubisanzwe bikoreshwa nka lisansi ya moteri ya mazutu ni distillates igizwe na hydrocarbone iremereye, byibuze atome ya karubone 12 kugeza 16 kuri molekile.Iyi distilles iremereye ikurwa mumavuta ya peteroli nyuma yuko ibice byinshi bihindagurika bikoreshwa muri lisansi bivanyweho.Ingingo zitetse zibi binini biremereye kuva kuri 177 kugeza 343 ° C (351 kugeza 649 ° F).Ubushyuhe bwo guhumeka kwabwo buri hejuru cyane ya lisansi, ifite atome nkeya ya karubone kuri molekile.

Amazi nubutaka mubicanwa birashobora kwangiza imikorere ya moteri;lisansi isukuye ningirakamaro muri sisitemu yo gutera inshinge neza.Ibicanwa bifite ibisigazwa byinshi bya karubone birashobora gukoreshwa neza na moteri yo kuzunguruka vuba.Ni nako bigenda kubafite ivu ryinshi na sulfuru.Umubare wa cetane, usobanura ubwiza bwa lisansi, ugenwa ukoresheje ASTM D613 “Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima Cetane Umubare wamavuta ya Diesel.”

Gutezimbere moteri ya mazutu
Akazi ka kare
Rudolf Diesel, injeniyeri w’Ubudage, yatekereje igitekerezo cya moteri ubu yitirirwa izina rye nyuma yo gushaka igikoresho cyo kongera imikorere ya moteri ya Otto (moteri ya mbere y’imodoka enye za mbere, yubatswe na injeniyeri w’Abadage bo mu kinyejana cya 19 Nikolaus Otto).Diesel yatahuye ko inzira yo gutwika amashanyarazi ya moteri ya lisansi ishobora kuvaho mugihe, mugihe cyo kwikuramo igikoresho cya piston-silinderi, kwikuramo bishobora gushyushya umwuka mubushyuhe burenze ubushyuhe bwimodoka ya peteroli yatanzwe.Diesel yatanze icyifuzo nk'iki muri patenti ye yo mu 1892 na 1893.
Mu ntangiriro, amakara yifu cyangwa peteroli yamazi byasabwe nkibicanwa.Diesel yabonye amakara y'ifu, ibikomoka ku birombe bya Saar, nk'ibicanwa byoroshye.Umwuka ucanye wagombaga gukoreshwa mu kwinjiza ivumbi ryamakara muri silinderi ya moteri;ariko, kugenzura igipimo cyo gutera amakara byari bigoye, kandi, nyuma ya moteri yubushakashatsi isenywe nigisasu, Diesel yahindutse peteroli.Yakomeje kwinjiza lisansi muri moteri n'umwuka uhumeka.
Moteri ya mbere yubucuruzi yubatswe ku ipatanti ya Diesel yashyizwe i St. Louis, muri Leta ya Mo., na Adolphus Busch, inzoga zenga inzoga zabonye imwe yerekanwe mu imurikagurisha ryabereye i Munich kandi yari yaguze uruhushya na Diesel rwo gukora no kugurisha moteri. muri Amerika no muri Kanada.Moteri yakoraga neza imyaka myinshi kandi niyo yabanjirije moteri ya Busch-Sulzer yakoreshaga amato menshi yo mu mazi y’ingabo z’Amerika zirwanira mu mazi mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose. Indi moteri ya mazutu yakoreshejwe mu ntego imwe ni Nelseco, yubatswe na New London Ship and Motor Company muri Groton, Guhuza.

Moteri ya mazutu yabaye uruganda rwibanze rwamashanyarazi mugihe cyintambara ya mbere yisi yose. Ntabwo byari ubukungu mu gukoresha lisansi gusa ahubwo byagaragaye ko byizewe mugihe cyintambara.Amavuta ya Diesel, adahindagurika cyane kuruta lisansi, yabitswe neza kandi akoreshwa neza.
Intambara irangiye abagabo benshi bakoresheje mazutu bashakishaga akazi k'amahoro.Ababikora batangiye guhuza mazutu kubukungu bwamahoro.Ihinduka rimwe ni iterambere ryiswe semidiesel yakoraga kumurongo wikubitiro ebyiri kumuvuduko wo hasi wo kwikuramo no gukoresha itara rishyushye cyangwa umuyoboro ushyushye kugirango ushire amavuta.Izi mpinduka zavuyemo moteri ihenze kubaka no kubungabunga.

Tekinoroji yo gutera ibitoro
Kimwe mu bintu bitemewe bya mazutu yuzuye ni nkenerwa umuvuduko ukabije, compressor yo mu kirere.Ntabwo imbaraga zasabwaga gusa gutwara compressor de air, ahubwo n'ingaruka zo gukonjesha zatinze gutwika zabaye mugihe umwuka wafunzwe, ubusanzwe kuri megapasikali 6.9 (pound 1.000 kuri santimetero kare), wagutse utunguranye muri silinderi, wari ufite umuvuduko wa 3.4 kuri megapascal 4 (493 kugeza 580 pound kuri santimetero kare).Diesel yari ikeneye umwuka wumuvuduko mwinshi wo kwinjiza amakara yifu muri silinderi;iyo peteroli yuzuye yasimbuye amakara yifu nkamavuta, pompe irashobora gukorwa kugirango ifate umwanya wa compressor yumuyaga mwinshi.

Hariho inzira zitari nke zishobora gukoreshwa pompe.Mu Bwongereza Isosiyete ya Vickers yakoresheje icyiswe uburyo busanzwe bwa gari ya moshi, aho bateri ya pompe yagumishaga lisansi mu gitutu mu muyoboro ukoresha uburebure bwa moteri iganisha kuri buri silinderi.Uhereye kuri gari ya moshi (cyangwa umuyoboro) utanga lisansi, urukurikirane rw'ibikoresho byo gutera inshinge zemereye lisansi kuri buri silinderi mugihe gikwiye.Ubundi buryo bwakoresheje kamera ikoreshwa na kamera, cyangwa ubwoko bwa plunger, pompe kugirango itange lisansi munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi mukanya katewe inshinge ya buri silinderi mugihe gikwiye.

Kurandura compressor yo mu kirere byari intambwe igana mu cyerekezo cyiza, ariko hari ikindi kibazo cyakemutse: umuyaga wa moteri warimo umwotsi mwinshi cyane, ndetse no mubisohoka neza murwego rwimbaraga za moteri ya moteri kandi nubwo hariya yari umwuka uhagije muri silinderi kugirango utwike lisansi udasize umuyaga wamabara usanzwe werekana uburemere burenze.Ba injeniyeri amaherezo bamenye ko ikibazo ari uko umwuka wumuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko mwinshi uturika muri silinderi ya moteri wagabanije ingufu za lisansi neza kuruta izisimbuza amavuta ya mashini yashoboye gukora, bikavamo ko hatabayeho compressor de lisansi yagombaga gukora shakisha atome ya ogisijeni kugirango urangize inzira yo gutwikwa, kandi, kubera ko ogisijeni igizwe na 20 ku ijana gusa byumwuka, buri atom ya lisansi yari ifite amahirwe imwe gusa muri atanu yo guhura na atome ya ogisijeni.Igisubizo cyabaye gutwika nabi lisansi.

Igishushanyo gisanzwe cya lisansi-yinjizamo lisansi yinjije lisansi muri silinderi muburyo bwa spray ya cone, hamwe numwuka uva muri nozzle, aho kuba mumugezi cyangwa jet.Bake cyane barashobora gukorwa kugirango bakwirakwize lisansi neza.Kuvanga neza byagombaga gukorwa mugutanga ikindi cyuka mukirere, cyane cyane mukuzunguruka kwumuyaga ukomoka kumurongo cyangwa kuguruka kwikirere cyumuyaga, bita squish, cyangwa byombi, uhereye kumpera yinyuma ya piston werekeza hagati.Uburyo butandukanye bwakoreshejwe kugirango habeho kuzunguruka no guswera.Ibisubizo byiza bigaragara kuboneka mugihe ikirere kizunguruka gifitanye isano nyayo nigipimo cyo gutera lisansi.Gukoresha neza umwuka uri muri silinderi bisaba umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka utera umwuka wafashwe ugenda uhoraho uva kumurongo umwe ujya mubindi mugihe cyo gutera inshinge, nta kugabanuka gukabije hagati yizunguruka.